語言學考試怎么辦天外考研英語語言學專業(yè)課怎么復習呀？

最迷人的危險2022-09-15 09:04:38963

語言學概論怎么考試？天外考研英語語言學專業(yè)課怎么復習呀？現(xiàn)代語言學應該怎么學，我今年報了四門自考，不知道能過？英語語言學考試怎么考？語言學概論怎樣能考過？語言學怎么考，哪些是重點？

本文導航

語言學概論怎么考試
天外考研英語語言學專業(yè)課怎么復習呀？
現(xiàn)代語言學應該怎么學，我今年報了四門自考，不知道能過
英語語言學考試怎么考？
語言學概論怎樣能考過
語言專業(yè)學什么語言好

語言學概論怎么考試

Phonology

Phonetics is defined as the study of the phonic medium of language; it is concerned with all the sounds that occur in the world’s languages.

Articulatory phonetics（發(fā)音語音學）

Auditory phonetics（聽覺語音學）

Acoustic phonetics（聲學語音學）

? A. stops/plosives: [p][b][t][d][k][g]

? B. fricatives:[f, v, s, z, ∫, +, +, +, h]

? C. affricates: [t∫, +]

? D. liquids: lateral [l], retroflex [r]

? E. nasals: [m, n, ?]

? F. glides/semivowels: [w, j]

? A. bilabial: [p, b, m, w]

? B. labio-dental: [f, v]

? C. dental: [θ, +]

? D. alveolar: [t, d, s, z, n, l, r]

? E. palatal: [+, +, +, +, j]

? F. velar: [k, g, ?]

? G. glottal: [h]

A phone（音素） is a discriminable speech sound. It doesn’t necessarily distinguish meaning, Phone is a phonetic unit or segment, some distinguish meaning, some don’t

Phoneme（音位） is the smallest part of speech that can be used to make a word different from another that is the same in every other way，Phoneme is an abstract phonological （抽象的音韻學的）unit of distinctive value that is represented or realized by a certain phone.

Allophones（音位變體）: the different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments

Phonemic contrast（音位對比）: When two phonemes can occur in the same environments in two words and they distinguish meaning, they’re in phonemic contrast.

complementary distribution（互補分布） : Two or more than two allophones of the same phonemes are said to be in complementary distribution because they do not distinguish meaning, but complement each other in distribution, i. e. they occur in different phonetic environments.

Minimal pairs（最小對立體）: When two different forms are identical（相同的） in every way except for one sound that occurs in the same place in the strings, the two words are called minimal pairs.

我們把像 bear和pear (They are identical in form except for the initial consonants.) 這樣只有一個音素對立(contrast)而其他方面都相同并處于語流中同一位置上的一對詞稱為最小對立體。最小對立體是指語言中的兩個詞，只因為有一個區(qū)別性的音（即一個音位），其意義也因此而不同。

Sequential rules（序列規(guī)則）

Assimilation rule（同化規(guī)則）

Deletion rule（省略規(guī)則）

Suprasegmental features（超切分特征）

1. Stress

2. Tone

3. Intonation

English is an intonation language，Chinese is a typical tone language

Morphology形態(tài)學

Morphology is the branch of linguistics which studies the internal structure of words and of the rules by which words are formed（形態(tài)學研究詞的內(nèi)部結(jié)構及其構詞的規(guī)則）.

Free morpheme（自由詞素） is a minimal grammatical unit which can be used as a word without the need for further morphological modification.

Bound morpheme（黏著詞素） :is one which cannot occur on its own as a separate word.

Derivational morpheme（派生詞素） : Bound morphemes which change grammatical class of words, or the lexical meaning of the original word, or both .

Inflectional morphemes（屈折詞素） : Bound morphemes which are for the most part purely grammatical markers, signifying（指代） such concepts as tense, number, case and so on.

Derivational and inflectional morphemes：The result of a derivational process is a new word (e.g. nation national), whereas the result of an inflectional process is a different form of the same word (e.g. takes / walks, walking/ taking, talked, taken, cats, boy’s, larger, largest)

free morpheme

morpheme derivational morpheme （prefix，suffix）

bound morpheme

inflectional morpheme （suffix）

inflectional morphology (屈折形態(tài)學the study of inflections)

lexical / derivational morphology (派生形態(tài)學the study of word formation)

Morpheme（詞素） is the smallest unit in terms of relationship between expression and content, a unit which cannot be divided without destroying or drastically altering the meaning, whether it is lexical or grammatical.

Prefix: Morphemes that occur only before other morphemes.

Suffix: Morphemes that only occur after other morphemes.

Syntax句法

Syntax is a branch of linguistics that studies how words are combined to form sentences and the rules that govern the formation of sentences.

basic lexical categories ：

nouns

Adjectives

Verbs

Adverbs 副詞

Articles 冠詞

Pronouns 代詞

Prepositions 介詞

Conjunctions 連詞

Determiner 限定詞

Degree Word

Qualifier修飾詞

Auxiliary 助動詞

Conjunction 連接詞

Phrase is a single element of structure usually containing more than one word, and lacking the subject-predicate structure typical of clauses.

The most commonly recognized and discussed phrasal categories are noun phrase (NP), verb phrase (VP), adjective phrase (AP) and prepositional phrase (PP). Phrases usually contain the following elements: head, specifier and complement.

Phrase structure rule ：Special type of grammatical mechanism（機制） that regulate（規(guī)定） the arrangement of elements that make up a phrase

XP rule： (specifier) X (complement)

Sentence is the largest structural unit in terms of which the grammar of a language is organized.

Classified by structure, there are four kinds of sentences:

Simple sentence簡單句

Compound sentence 并列句

Complex sentence 復合句

Compound-complex并列復合句

Classified by use, sentences can be divided into other four parts:

Declarative sentence 陳述句

Interrogative sentence 疑問句

Imperative sentence祈使句

Exclamatory sentence感嘆句

S=Subject主語, V=Verb, O=Object賓語, C=Complement補語, A=Adverbial狀語

1.How to determine a word’s category？

Words are classified into classes according to usage and how it can combine with other words in sentences

2. What do phrases usually contain?

Phrases usually contain the following elements: head, specifier and complement.

3. What are six major kinds of clauses?

Subject clause 主語從句

Predicative clause表語從句

Object clause賓語從句

Attributive clause定語從句

Appositive clause同位語從句

Adverbial clause 狀語從句

4. Quirk, et al (1972) introduces seven sentence types. What are they?

Type SV The sun rises. They have arrived.

Type SVC Mary is a student. Tom is generous.

Type SVA Tom is here. Tom is in the office

Type SVO Marry enjoyed classical music. I like volleyball.

(S) (V) (O)

Type SVOC We have proved him wrong. / a fool. / it correct.

(S) (V) (O) (C)

Type SVOA I put the key in the pocket.

(S) (V) (O) (A)

Type SVOO He gave me a book.

(S) (V) (O) (O)

5. What is immediate constituent?

This refers to the two parts that are yielded after each cut

Semantics

Semantics is the study of meaning

Meaning: The object of semantics

The naming theory is one of the oldest notions concerning meaning. According to this theory, the linguistic forms or symbols, in other words, the words used in a language are simply labels of the objects they stand for. So words are just names or labels for things.

The conceptualist view（概念論 / 詞義的概念說）

Contextualism（語境論) ： is a view concerning meaning which holds that meaning should be studied in terms of situation, use, context. According to this view, one can derive meaning from or reduce meaning to observable contexts.

Behaviorism（行為主義論） is a view which draws on behaviorist psychology when trying to define the meaning of linguistic forms.

Sense and reference （系統(tǒng)意義和指稱意義）

Sense is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form

Sense = Sense Relation + Sense Properties

Reference means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world

Meaning = sense + reference

Synonymy（同義現(xiàn)象）

Antonymy（反義現(xiàn)象）

Polysemy（多義現(xiàn)象）

Homonymy（同音/形異義）

Hyponymy（下義關系）

Componential Analysis(成分分析法) is a way proposed by the structural semanticists to analyze word meaning.

Predication Analysis(述謂結(jié)構分析) – a way to analyze sentence meaning

A prediction is consist of arguments and predicate

two-place predication，(containing two arguments)，（雙項表述、雙位述謂結(jié)構）

one-place predication，(containing one argument)，（單項表述、一位述謂結(jié)構）

no-place predication，(containing no argument)，（零項表述、空位述謂結(jié)構）

Pragmatics is the branch of linguistics which studies the meaning of language in context. It is the study of how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication.

Pragmatics vs. semantics

Similarity：Pragmatics and semantics are both linguistic studies of meaning.

Difference：

1. Semantics: The meaning of language was considered as something intrinsic, and inherent, i.e., a property attached to language itself. Therefore, meanings of words, sentences were all studied in isolation from language use.

2. Pragmatics: It would be impossible to give an adequate description of meaning if the context of language use is left unconsidered. Therefore, context is taken into consideration.

Both semantics and pragmatics study the meaning of a linguistic form. However, they are different in many respects, such as their research methods, their research scope. What essentially distinguishes them is whether in the study of meaning the context of use is considered. If it its not considered, the study is confined to the area of traditional semantics; if it is considered, the study is being carried out in the area of pragmatics.

What are the differences between the two linguistic studies of meaning – semantics and pragmatics?

? Semantics studies literal, structural or lexical meaning, while pragmatics studies non-literal, implicit, intended meaning, or speaker meaning.

? Semantics is context independent, decontextualized, while pragmatics is context dependent, contextualized.

? Semantics deals with what is said, while pragmatics deals with what is inferred.

Context：As a comprehensive concept, ‘context’ refers to all elements of a communicative situation: the verbal and non-verbal context, the context of the given speech situation and the social context of the relationship between the speaker and hearer, their knowledge, and their attitude

Context = linguistic context + situational context

Importance of Context

Context determines the speaker’s use of language and also the hearer’s interpretation of what is said to him.

Sentence meaning vs. utterance meaning：見講義

1. Sentence: Sentence is a unit of speech constructed according to language-dependent rules, which is relatively complete and independent in respect of content, grammatical structure, and intonation. It is a grammatical unit, abstract, self-contained, and independent of context.

2. While the meaning of a sentence is abstract and decontextualized, that of an utterance is concrete and context-dependent. The meaning of an utterance is based on sentence meaning; it is the realization of the abstract meaning of a sentence in a real situation of communication, or simply in a context.

Types of speech acts

① locutionary act:（言內(nèi)行為）

② illocutionary act:（言外行為）

③ perlocutionary act:（言后行為）

Principles of conversation (Cooperative principles)會話原則或合作原則

? Proposed by Paul Grice, a logician and philosopher

? The maxim of quantity: 量準則

? The maxim of quality: 質(zhì)準則

? The maxim of relation: 關聯(lián)準則

? The maxim of manner: 方式準則

天外考研英語語言學專業(yè)課怎么復習呀？

2012英語專業(yè)考研備考指導

　對于準備參加英語專業(yè)考研的考生來說，英語語言學備考是個大問題，很多英語專業(yè)的學生在本科學習后還感到無從下手，對于那些跨專業(yè)考英研的考生來說更是一頭霧水。針對這些問題，海天考研飛躍計劃老師給出一些建議，希望對2012的考研學生有所幫助。

　　第一，專業(yè)報考。要求考生應結(jié)合自身的日后發(fā)展意愿做選擇。選擇一個喜歡的城市、喜歡的專業(yè)報考，也是考生備考的動力。在此建議英研考生不應在頭腦中形成重點院校與一般院校的區(qū)別。不要對重點院校有畏懼心理，認為它們是遙不可及的。只要認真研究其側(cè)重點，即有可能考取。而對于一般院校，也不要輕視，因為每一個有能力設立碩士點的院校，都是有其自身優(yōu)勢的。選擇一個擁有自己感興趣的研究方向的院校才是考生選擇報考院校的重點。對于理科學生轉(zhuǎn)報文科專業(yè)相對于文科轉(zhuǎn)理科要容易得多，但對于英語語言學這類比較抽象的學科，想要取得好成績，考生一定要付出一定的努力。

　　第二，復習用書。全國各英語院校關于英語語言學的指定用書不像文學一樣五花八門，其中以北京大學胡壯麟老師的《語言學教程》為主，指定本書的學校占到85%左右，其余的有外研社劉潤清、文旭老師的《新編語言學教程》，杜詩春的《應用語言學》，戴偉棟《簡明英語語言學教程》等，還有的學校不指定參考書，對于不提供指定書的學校可以通過深入研究該校歷年真題來做準備，對于提供參考書目的院校，要認真研習指定書目的課后練習，熟練掌握書中的例子，則是制勝關鍵。但是，萬變不離其宗，對于語言學考試的重點，還是強調(diào)共核性知識的掌握。

　　第三，?？碱}型。英語語言學考試的主要題型有名詞解釋、分析論述、實際應用、判斷對錯、填空、選擇等。各個院校都會在試卷中考查許多基本概念方面的內(nèi)容，要求考生熟記的知識點很繁雜。而針對不同的院校，又會有不同的側(cè)重點。比如一些院校多會設置應用類題型，要求考生結(jié)合題例進行分析，這就會給考生制造很大的書寫方面的負擔，要求考生在平時的復習中即做好充分準備，對相應知識點做到爛熟于心。對于分值較高的院校，考生在備考時，考生應注意對知識點進行深入思考，以便在英研考試中遇到相關應用題時，做到快速、順利的應答。

　　第四，復習中常見問題。首先確定英語專業(yè)考研的目標學校，仔細了解其要求，有針對性的復習，不要輕而易舉更換要報考的院校；理論部分的學習要注意基本概念和基本原理，應用部分的學習要注意理論聯(lián)系實際；要以語言學核心學科為主，附帶以邊緣學科為輔；要以建立學科框架為最終目標，以完成課后練習為主要任務；要求考生以理解為基礎，以記憶為表現(xiàn)形式；要善于進行比較學習。